Looking glass: a field study on noticing interactivity of a shop window
Müller, Jörg and Walter, Robert and Bailly, Gilles and Nischt, Michael and Alt, FlorianCHI '12. Austin, Texas, USA
In this paper we present our findings from a lab and a field study investigating how passers-by notice the interactivity of public displays. We designed an interactive installation that uses visual feedback to the incidental movements of passers-by to communicate its interactivity. The lab study reveals: (1) Mirrored user silhouettes and images are more effective than avatar-like representations. (2) It takes time to notice the interactivity (approx. 1.2s). In the field study, three displays were installed during three weeks in shop windows, and data about 502 interaction sessions were collected. Our observations show: (1) Significantly more passers-by interact when immediately showing the mirrored user image (+90\%) or silhouette (+47\%) compared to a traditional attract sequence with call-to-action. (2) Passers-by often notice interactivity late and have to walk back to interact (the landing effect). (3) If somebody is already interacting, others begin interaction behind the ones already interacting, forming multiple rows (the honeypot effect). Our findings can be used to design public display applications and shop windows that more effectively communicate interactivity to passers-by.
StrikeAPose: revealing mid-air gestures on public displays
Walter, Robert and Bailly, Gilles and Müller, JörgCHI '13. Paris, France
In this paper we present our findings from a lab and a field study investigating how passers-by notice the interactivity of public displays. We designed an interactive installation that uses visual feedback to the incidental movements of passers-by to communicate its interactivity. The lab study reveals: (1) Mirrored user silhouettes and images are more effective than avatar-like representations. (2) It takes time to notice the interactivity (approx. 1.2s). In the field study, three displays were installed during three weeks in shop windows, and data about 502 interaction sessions were collected. Our observations show: (1) Significantly more passers-by interact when immediately showing the mirrored user image (+90\%) or silhouette (+47\%) compared to a traditional attract sequence with call-to-action. (2) Passers-by often notice interactivity late and have to walk back to interact (the landing effect). (3) If somebody is already interacting, others begin interaction behind the ones already interacting, forming multiple rows (the honeypot effect). Our findings can be used to design public display applications and shop windows that more effectively communicate interactivity to passers-by.
Chained displays: configurations of public displays can be used to influence actor-, audience-, and passer-by behavior
Ten Koppel, Maurice and Bailly, Gilles and Müller, Jörg and Walter, RobertCHI '12. Austin, Texas, USA
Most interactive public displays currently rely on flat screens. This form factor impacts how users (1) notice the public display (2) develop motivation and (3) (socially) interact with the public display. In this paper, we present Chained Displays, a combination of several screens to create different form factors for interactive public displays. We also present a design space based on two complementary concepts, Focus and Nimbus, to describe and compare chained display configurations. Finally, we performed a field study comparing three chained displays: Flat, Concave, and Hexagonal. Results show that Flat triggers the strongest honeypot effect, Hexagonal causes low social learning, and Concave triggers the smallest amount of simultaneously interacting users among other findings.
MyPosition: sparking civic discourse by a public interactive poll visualization
Valkanova, Nina and Walter, Robert and Vande Moere, Andrew and Müller, JörgCSCW '14. Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Most interactive public displays currently rely on flat screens. This form factor impacts how users (1) notice the public display (2) develop motivation and (3) (socially) interact with the public display. In this paper, we present Chained Displays, a combination of several screens to create different form factors for interactive public displays. We also present a design space based on two complementary concepts, Focus and Nimbus, to describe and compare chained display configurations. Finally, we performed a field study comparing three chained displays: Flat, Concave, and Hexagonal. Results show that Flat triggers the strongest honeypot effect, Hexagonal causes low social learning, and Concave triggers the smallest amount of simultaneously interacting users among other findings.
Cuenesics: using mid-air gestures to select items on interactive public displays
Walter, Robert and Bailly, Gilles and Valkanova, Nina and Müller, JörgMobileHCI '14. Toronto, ON, Canada
Most of today's public displays only show predefined contents that passers-by are not able to change. We argue that interactive public displays would benefit from immediately usable mid-air techniques for choosing options, expressing opinions or more generally selecting one among several items. We propose a design space for hand-gesture based mid-air selection techniques on interactive public displays, along with four specific techniques that we evaluated at three different locations in the the field. Our findings include: 1) if no hint is provided, people successfully use Point+Dwell for selecting items, 2) the user representation could be switched from Mirror to Cursor after registration without causing confusion, 3) people tend to explore items before confirming one, 4) in a public context, people frequently interact inadvertently (without looking at the screen). We conclude by providing recommendations for designers of interactive public displays to support immediate usability for mid-air selection.
Comparing Free Hand Menu Techniques for Distant Displays Using Linear, Marking and Finger-Count Menus
Bailly, Gilles and Walter, Robert and Müller, Jörg and Ning, Tongyan and Lecolinet, EricINTERACT 2011. Berlin, Heidelberg
This paper presents the adaptation of three menu techniques for free hand interaction: Linear menu, Marking menu and Finger-Count menu. A Wizard-of-Oz study shows that users often don’t select the most efficient gestures. A recognizer is developed and further evaluated, revealing high accuracy but increased mental demand for the Finger-Count technique.
GelTouch: Localized Tactile Feedback Through Thin, Programmable Gel
Miruchna, Viktor and Walter, Robert and Lindlbauer, David and Lehmann, Maren and von Klitzing, Regine and Müller, JörgUIST '15. Charlotte, NC, USA
GelTouch is a gel-based display layer that changes stiffness via localized heat, enabling programmable tactile feedback without mechanical components. The system supports dynamic, morphable tactile elements, evaluated on a tablet with high detection rates and various input types.
Tracs: transparency-control for see-through displays
Lindlbauer, David and Aoki, Toru and Walter, Robert and Uema, Yuji and Höchtl, Anita and Haller, Michael and Inami, Masahiko and Müller, JörgUIST '14. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Tracs introduces a dual-display system with localized transparency control, improving collaborative interactions by balancing visibility and privacy. The display dynamically adjusts see-through regions and backlighting to switch between private and shared modes.
Analyzing visual attention during whole body interaction with public displays
Walter, Robert and Bulling, Andreas and Lindlbauer, David and Schuessler, Martin and Müller, JörgUbiComp '15. Osaka, Japan
Using mobile eye-tracking, this study evaluates how user silhouettes affect visual attention during full-body interactions with public displays. Results show content attached to the user representation gets significantly more attention and recall than content elsewhere.
Influence of Display Transparency on Background Awareness and Task Performance
Lindlbauer, David and Lilija, Klemen and Walter, Robert and Müller, JörgCHI '16. San Jose, California, USA
This paper explores how transparent displays affect background awareness and task performance. Experiments show that transparency improves background monitoring without compromising task focus, particularly in horizontal setups.
Looking glass: a field study on noticing interactivity of a shop window In this paper we present our findings from a lab and a field study investigating how passers-by notice the interactivity of public displays. We designed an interactive installation that uses visual feedback to the incidental movements of passers-by to communicate its interactivity. The lab study reveals: (1) Mirrored user silhouettes and images are more effective than avatar-like representations. (2) It takes time to notice the interactivity (approx. 1.2s). In the field study, three displays were installed during three weeks in shop windows, and data about 502 interaction sessions were collected. Our observations show: (1) Significantly more passers-by interact when immediately showing the mirrored user image (+90\%) or silhouette (+47\%) compared to a traditional attract sequence with call-to-action. (2) Passers-by often notice interactivity late and have to walk back to interact (the landing effect). (3) If somebody is already interacting, others begin interaction behind the ones already interacting, forming multiple rows (the honeypot effect). Our findings can be used to design public display applications and shop windows that more effectively communicate interactivity to passers-by.
StrikeAPose: revealing mid-air gestures on public displays In this paper we present our findings from a lab and a field study investigating how passers-by notice the interactivity of public displays. We designed an interactive installation that uses visual feedback to the incidental movements of passers-by to communicate its interactivity. The lab study reveals: (1) Mirrored user silhouettes and images are more effective than avatar-like representations. (2) It takes time to notice the interactivity (approx. 1.2s). In the field study, three displays were installed during three weeks in shop windows, and data about 502 interaction sessions were collected. Our observations show: (1) Significantly more passers-by interact when immediately showing the mirrored user image (+90\%) or silhouette (+47\%) compared to a traditional attract sequence with call-to-action. (2) Passers-by often notice interactivity late and have to walk back to interact (the landing effect). (3) If somebody is already interacting, others begin interaction behind the ones already interacting, forming multiple rows (the honeypot effect). Our findings can be used to design public display applications and shop windows that more effectively communicate interactivity to passers-by.
Chained displays: configurations of public displays can be used to influence actor-, audience-, and passer-by behavior Most interactive public displays currently rely on flat screens. This form factor impacts how users (1) notice the public display (2) develop motivation and (3) (socially) interact with the public display. In this paper, we present Chained Displays, a combination of several screens to create different form factors for interactive public displays. We also present a design space based on two complementary concepts, Focus and Nimbus, to describe and compare chained display configurations. Finally, we performed a field study comparing three chained displays: Flat, Concave, and Hexagonal. Results show that Flat triggers the strongest honeypot effect, Hexagonal causes low social learning, and Concave triggers the smallest amount of simultaneously interacting users among other findings.
MyPosition: sparking civic discourse by a public interactive poll visualization Most interactive public displays currently rely on flat screens. This form factor impacts how users (1) notice the public display (2) develop motivation and (3) (socially) interact with the public display. In this paper, we present Chained Displays, a combination of several screens to create different form factors for interactive public displays. We also present a design space based on two complementary concepts, Focus and Nimbus, to describe and compare chained display configurations. Finally, we performed a field study comparing three chained displays: Flat, Concave, and Hexagonal. Results show that Flat triggers the strongest honeypot effect, Hexagonal causes low social learning, and Concave triggers the smallest amount of simultaneously interacting users among other findings.
Cuenesics: using mid-air gestures to select items on interactive public displays Most of today's public displays only show predefined contents that passers-by are not able to change. We argue that interactive public displays would benefit from immediately usable mid-air techniques for choosing options, expressing opinions or more generally selecting one among several items. We propose a design space for hand-gesture based mid-air selection techniques on interactive public displays, along with four specific techniques that we evaluated at three different locations in the the field. Our findings include: 1) if no hint is provided, people successfully use Point+Dwell for selecting items, 2) the user representation could be switched from Mirror to Cursor after registration without causing confusion, 3) people tend to explore items before confirming one, 4) in a public context, people frequently interact inadvertently (without looking at the screen). We conclude by providing recommendations for designers of interactive public displays to support immediate usability for mid-air selection.
Comparing Free Hand Menu Techniques for Distant Displays Using Linear, Marking and Finger-Count Menus This paper presents the adaptation of three menu techniques for free hand interaction: Linear menu, Marking menu and Finger-Count menu. A Wizard-of-Oz study shows that users often don’t select the most efficient gestures. A recognizer is developed and further evaluated, revealing high accuracy but increased mental demand for the Finger-Count technique.
GelTouch: Localized Tactile Feedback Through Thin, Programmable Gel GelTouch is a gel-based display layer that changes stiffness via localized heat, enabling programmable tactile feedback without mechanical components. The system supports dynamic, morphable tactile elements, evaluated on a tablet with high detection rates and various input types.
Tracs: transparency-control for see-through displays Tracs introduces a dual-display system with localized transparency control, improving collaborative interactions by balancing visibility and privacy. The display dynamically adjusts see-through regions and backlighting to switch between private and shared modes.
Analyzing visual attention during whole body interaction with public displays Using mobile eye-tracking, this study evaluates how user silhouettes affect visual attention during full-body interactions with public displays. Results show content attached to the user representation gets significantly more attention and recall than content elsewhere.
Influence of Display Transparency on Background Awareness and Task Performance This paper explores how transparent displays affect background awareness and task performance. Experiments show that transparency improves background monitoring without compromising task focus, particularly in horizontal setups.